Chronology of the

4050th Air Refueling Wing (Medium) (AREFWG)

Westover AFB, Massachusetts

May 1957 through July, 1958

compiled from USAF Microfilm Reel #P0334/E012958

 by

Tom Hildreth

May, 2011

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for May 1957 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and SSgt. William C. Jordan, Wing Historical Technician.

BACKGROUND

01 Apr 55-The 4050th Air Refueling Wing (AREFWG) was activated at Westover AFB, MA. On that date control of the base was transferred from Military Air Transport Service (MATS) to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). The latter command’s plans called for a Westover-Dow Tanker Task Force. The 4050th AREFW at Westover AFB and the 4060th AREFWG at Dow AFB, Bangor, ME., were to provide the flying elements of this task force.

The stated primary mission of the 4050th was to “Organize and train a force capable of immediate and sustained air-to-air refueling operations in any part of the world...”

The 384th Air Refueling Squadron (AREFS) was activated at Westover on 01 Apr 55 with initial personnel drawn from other refueling squadrons and school pipelines. The squadron would continue to work up to full personnel and equipment strength over the next several months. The twenty-two Boeing KC-97s that equipped the 384th were assigned to the unit in a contiguous block, beginning with tail number 53-0218.  

22 Apr 55-The 26th AREFS was reassigned to the 4050th AREFWG after having previously operated tankers in support of the 26th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (SRW) at Lockbourne AFB, OH. This unit operated a mix of KC-97F and KC-97G tankers. 

04 Sep 56-The 4050th AREFWG and all assigned units were reassigned to the 57th Air Division

01 Apr 57-The 508th AREFS was reassigned from the 2d Air Force (AF) to the 8th AF and assigned to the 4050th AREFWG. This squadron operated the KB-29P, a tanker version of the WWII Boeing bomber, in support of the 31st Strategic Fighter Wing (SFW) and 508th SFW that flew F-84Fs at Turner AFB, GA. 

01 July 57-Under SAC GO-23, the 99th AREFS (Heavy) was activated at Turner AFB, GA., as a KC-135A tanker unit, and assigned to 4050th AREFW, effective this date.

20 August 57-Det 1, 99th AREFS designated and organized with operating location at Westover AFB, MA.

MAY 1957 NARRATIVE

May 57-All KC-97 aircraft restricted to 155,000 lb. gross takeoff wt. per SAC message DO 1842. 4050th Commander recommended all aircraft gross takeoff wt. be increased to 175,000 lb. as soon as installation of Hamilton Standard 34G60-605  Dural propellers is successfully completed.

May 57-CWO Knut D. Holmgren is in charge of a team of 27 civilians from Middletown Air Material Area to complete retrofit of solid aluminum propeller blades on all tactical aircraft of the 4050th AREFWG.

May 57-Summary-The 4050th once again participated in operation “Devil Fish” under 8th AF Ops Order 38A-56.  The wing flew 52 hours of the planned 88 flying hours, the remainder were cancelled by Lincoln Labs.

May 57-KC-97G 52-2768 and 53-0221 were transferred into Inspect and Repair as Necessary (IRAN) program, while 52-2765, 52-2767 and 53-0221 were returned from program during the month. 

22 May 57-8th AF announced Programming Plan 102-57, the move of the 26th AREFS with personnel and equipment from Westover AFB, MA., to Plattsburgh AFB, NY.

The 26th AREFS will be reassigned from the 57th Air Division (AD) at Westover to the 820th AD at Plattsburgh during August, with advanced echelon of the 26th to be in place in July.

22 May 57-HQ SAC announced 99th AREFS, (Heavy), will move from Turner AFB, GA., to Westover AFB, MA., in August, 1957. This squadron would primarily be manned by members of the 508th AREFS, a unit that was about to be inactivated.

Last week-May 57-Gen. Sweeney, 8th AF CO will inspect Westover AFB.

OPERATION "MAIN SPRING"

22 May 57-In keeping with SAC's TDY overseas rotation plan, the 384th AREFS was assigned to Ernest Harmon AFB, Newfoundland under Operation "Main Spring", Ops Order 16-57, with 977 flying hours programmed for the wing. "Main Spring" was scheduled as a 19-plane, 533 person TDY for 35 days duration. First of eighteen aircraft departed Westover 0700Z and succeeding aircraft departed at ten minute intervals. Aircraft to fly standard Westover "Bravo" departure nonstop Westover-Quabbin-Greenfield-level off at Rutland,VT.,-Agusta-Bangor-Fredericton, NB.,-Moncton-Charlotteton-Harmon. All eighteen aircraft were in place at Harmon by 1342Z. Aircraft were made mission ready in average time of 2:22 hours with the 384th AREFS capable of conducting its war plan mission in an elapsed time of 8:58 hours. The 2d Strategic Support Squadron (SSS) was scheduled to provide three C-124 Globemaster aircraft to transport ground personnel and equipment, which included eight built-up and two raw R-4360 engines, on this deployment.

ASSIGNED TANKER AIRCRAFT STATUS, MAY 1957:

814 ABG ASSIGNED SUPPORT AIRCRAFT STATUS

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for June 1957 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/3C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

JUNE 1957 NARRATIVE

10 June 1957-The deployed 384th AREFS participated in "Fox Able 68", the support of twenty F-84Fs of the 389th Fighter Bomber Squadron (FBS) of the 366 Fighter Bomber Wing (FBW) that were flying to Aviano AB, Italy from England AFB, LA. Eighteen of the twenty scheduled aircraft were refueled, (two aborted prior to orbit point and returned to Dover AFB, Del.) and one receiver aborted after refueling due to loss of part of an external drop tank. Lessons learned: 

• Spare tanker aircraft should not be placed high and inside the orbit track as they are on the blind side of the turn at all times, unable to effectively bring radar to bear on the fighter formation that is on the inside. 384th Commander request that airborn spare in this case should have been assigned as sixth primary tanker, as the fighters required more than the briefed 8,200 lb.fuel offload.

• Tanker aircraft formation should be stacked up, as the loss of the external tank would have posed grave danger to the tanker formation if stacked down.

• Tankers were assigned block clearance of 13,000 to 16,000 ft., but Canadian ATC would not allow weather scout aircraft to descend below 20,000 feet. The 384th AREFS accomplished this mission with 36 tanker flying hours.

18/19 June 1957-The Deployed 384th AREFS supported Ops Order 218-57, "Operation Cannonball", the refueling of 24 B-52 bombers from the 42d Bomb Wing (BW) at Loring AFB, ME. Total of 24 receivers were serviced with 35,000 lb. JP-4 fuel each in two waves. The primary and secondary refueling areas were unavailable due to weather, but use of the third area, briefed

only two hours prior to tanker takeoff, was highly successful. There were no air aborts, and the airborne spare was not needed. Commander recommends this aircraft be used as an individual tanker positioned halfway down the track, which will also allow lower power settings at heavy weight for this aircraft. Eighteen tankers were available, with 17 flown in two waves.

Wave structure consisted of three cells (Cora, Ann and Betty) of 4 tankers each. Emergency Airfields briefed were RCAF Summerside, P.E.I., DOT Seven Islands, Que., and RCAF Catham, N.B.  The 384th AREFS accomplished this mission with 180 tanker flying hours.

Other Harmon AB comments:

• The issue of a QEC (complete) engine to a transient KC-97 from Bermuda created a shortage of flyaway engines for the 384th. As this is a common stopover point for KC-97s, Commander recommends establishment of an R-4360-59B build up line there. There are twenty raw engines on the base.

• There is no lighting of any kind in the KC-97 parking area. Flood lights are needed for maintenance and flight crews, and would enhance security.

• The in-commission rate for assigned general purpose vehicles was only 60%.

• Many base personnel do not posses proper restricted area badges.

30 June-The 508th AREFS was inactivated at Turner AFB, GA..

June 57-Summary-The 4050th once again participated in operation “Devil Fish” with 44 hours planned for this operation.

ASSIGNED TANKER AIRCRAFT STATUS, JUNE 1957:

814th ABG ASSIGNED SUPPORT AIRCRAFT STATUS, JUNE 1957: No Change from May.

*With Over the Time Indicated=actual terminology used in 4050th history.

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for July 1957 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/3C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

JULY 1957 NARRATIVE

 1 July 57-Under SAC GO-23, the 99th AREFS (Heavy) was activated at Turner AFB, GA., as a KC-135A tanker unit, and assigned to 4050th AREFW, effective this date. Lt. Col. George M. Broutsas was designated as Commander of the 99th AREFS.. Unit to move to Westover AFB in August, 1957, and be equipped with KC-135A aircraft beginning November, 1957. Two detachments will be organized under 99th AREFS: Det 1 will act as advanced echelon and be in place at Westover AFB by 20 July 1957;  Det 2 will act as rear echelon at Turner AFB during squadron move to Westover.

10 July 57-The 4050th AREFW participated in Ops Order 400-57 "Beer Barrel", the refueling of three waves of B-52s of the 99th BW from Westover AFB, MA., with 4 X B-52s per wave. The 26th AREFS provided 8 tankers and two ground spares for each of the three waves, with the 384th AREFS provided a weather control aircraft for each of the two days of the mission.

The first weather aircraft (callsign "Sunfish") T.O. was 10 July at 1530Z, and "Betty" cell of the first wave T.O. was 11 July at 0040Z. Interval between aircraft in each 4-tanker cell 1 minute, interval between cells 10 minutes, interval between waves 12 hours. All aircraft utilized standard departure to Rutland, VT., enroute "Foghorn" primary refueling area. "Betty" cell directed to orbit 15 minutes over Laconia, NH., and proceed east to Rendezvous Point over Paris, ME., with End Refueling Point east at Prentiss, ME. "Ann" cell directed to orbit 15 minutes north of Warren, NH., and proceed to Rendezvous Point west of Andover, ME., with End Refueling Point northeast at Stacyville, ME. The refueling legs were 125 N.M.in length, and the refueling altitude was 15,000 ft. The alternate "P-26" refueling area was located over the Atlantic Ocean east of Cape Cod. "Beer Barrel" was the first joint 99th BW/4050th AREFWG mission since activation of 99th BW at Westover.

13 July 57-An awards review was held to honor seven members of the 4050th AREFWG. Maj. Gen Walter C. Sweeny, Eighth Air Force Commander, Brig. Gen. Donald W. Saunders, Commander 57th AD, and RAF Vice Marshall A.D. Selway attended the review. Vice Marshall Selway was on hand to Award the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) to RAF exchange pilot Flt. Lt. A.E.M. Barton, who, while assigned to 26th AREFS on 27 November 1956, dealt with an extremely hazardous emergency over Greenland at night. USAF 1Lt. Irwin C. Nichols also received the DFC for his actions during this emergency.

26 July 57-Two crews entered KC-135 class 57-6 at Castle AFB, CA..

   July 57-Movement of 26th AREFS to Plattsburgh AFB, NY., continued. Orders cut to reassign personnel from Westover AFB, with a total of 9 officers, 1 warrant officer, and 52 airmen reassigned by 15 July. Other personnel from Turner AFB, GA., MacDill AFB,FL., Homestead AFB, FL., Pinecastle AFB, FL., Little Rock AFB, AR., Barksdale AFB, LA., Carswell AFB, TX.,and Hunter AFB, GA., would be assigned to the 26th at Plattsburgh AFB.

   July 57-Communications section modified the location of the APN-12/76 antennae to improve electronic rendezvous capability of KC-97 aircraft.

   July 57-The 4050th AREFWG once again participated in operation “Devil Fish” under 8th AF Ops Order 38A-56.

ASSIGNED TANKER AIRCRAFT STATUS, JULY 1957:  

814th ABG ASSIGNED SUPPORT AIRCRAFT STATUS: C-45 51-11734 at Depot

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for August 1957 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/3C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

AUGUST 1957 NARRATIVE

 1 August 57-26th AREFS (M) Reassigned 57th AD to 920th AD, Plattsburgh AFB, NY.

 9 August 57-Col. Harry R. Burrell assumed command of 4050th AREFWG while Col. George W.R. Zethren attended KC-135 School  in Seattle. Col. Burrell had been Group and Wing Commander at Greenham Common AB in England from 5 Sep 54 to 8 July 57.

20 August 57-Det 1, 99 AREFS designated and organized with operating location at Westover AFB, MA. On same date, Det 2 of this squadron was designated and organized with operating location at Turner AFB, GA. to provide rear echelon for the unit during its move from Turner AFB to Westover AFB. Buildings and facilities designated for the 99th AREFS: Barracks T-3 and T-4; Dayroom T-191; NoseDock #38; Supply and Storage T-417; Command & Operations, south side of  Hangar #3 upon departure of 46th Air Rescue Squadron.  Bldg.1850 was prepared for KC-135 flight simulator, due November 57. KC-135 Mobile Training Detachment (MTD) expected to arrive from Chanute AFB by 14 October 57. Seven crews have commenced training at Castle AFB, CA.

31 August 57-Personnel of the 99th AREFS from Turner AFB, GA arrived at Westover AFB during the month, with 22 officers and 85 airmen signed in by this date. No aircraft had been received and no operations were conducted.

     August 57-The 384th AREFS provided air refueling for "Tight Rein", a 99th BW graduation exercise. On August 22d, and again on August 28th, the 384th provided 15 airborne tankers in support of this mission. All tanker aircraft would use Standard Westover departure to Rutland, VT., and proceed to "Boulder" primary air refueling area over Quebec. Scheduled offload was

28,999 lb. with refueling altitude 15,000 ft..  Alternate refueling area assigned was "Foghorn" over Maine with scheduled offload 30,000 lb. of JP-4.

    August 57-The 400th once again participated in operation “Devil Fish” under 8th AF Ops Order 38A-56..

ASSIGNED AIRCRAFT STATUS, AUGUST 1957: Aircraft "596" scheduled to be in dock 12-14 August. (Possibly C-97B 45-59596)

814th ABG ASSIGNED SUPPORT AIRCRAFT STATUS, AUGUST 1957: No change from July.

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for September 1957 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/3C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

SEPTEMBER 1957 NARRATIVE

 3 September 57-KC-97G 53-0238, callsign "Snowfall 30", with an instructor crew of Capt. Sharpley, and the student crew of Lt. Col. Webb experienced Engine #1 prop runaway near Harrisburg, PA. When Flight Engineer attempted to set all engines at 2550 RPM to attain desired 190 Knots Indicated Air Speed (IAS).,  Prop attained 3300 RPM and scanner aboard aircraft reported fire in Eng #1. Crew fired CO2 which appeared to extinguish the fire, and both crews were alerted to put on parachutes. Stewart AFB NY., was selected as nearest suitable emergency landing base, and crew prepared to feather Engine #2 in case of prop separation from Eng #1. Engine #1 prop separated from engine, and struck #2 prop. Crew fired CO2 on both engines, but fire appeared on nose of #1 engine. With CO2 exhausted, crew placed aircraft nose down to increase airspeed to reduce flames. Upon touchdown, aircraft veered to the left, which required full right rudder and nosewheel steering. As the tanker continued to the left, right brakes were applied 1000 Feet down the runway. Right main tires blew, and aircraft then veered to right. Left rudder and brakes were then applied and outer left tire blew at the 2000 foot point in landing roll. Scanner reported fire in right main landing gear. When the aircraft reached 50 knots, Capt. Sharpley called for mixture off on Engines 3 & 4. The aircraft, at a weight of 101,000 lb., stopped at the 4600 foot point. Crews abandoned the aircraft and the fire was quickly extinguished. An investigation revealed defective parts affected circulation of high pressure prop governing oil. In addition, a foreign object (a 1/16" shim) was found between the fly-weight and transfer tube retainer cap, which caused pitch-lock failure.

   September 57-The electronics rendezvous problems of July and earlier were found to be the result of dissimilar alignment and calibration standards in use at the 4050th AREFW and the 99th BW. Both Wings now cross-checked their aircraft with each others rendezvous test stations, and this has resulted in a marked improvement in electronic rendezvous results,

especially with the B-52. Antennae relocation on the KC-97 aircraft did not show any improvements.

   September 57-Facilities in Hangar #5, vacated by 26th AREFS, are used by 99th AREFS for all activities.

17 September 57-Wing Maintenance Memo 66-37 reports that aircraft equipped with 34G60 propellers operate at higher engine temperatures. To alleviate this undesired condition, flight engineers will operate engines with cooler oil at a higher rate of flow. (Note apparent conflict with statement below).

   September 57-Propeller tests conducted by 4050th AREFWG showed no change in engine operating temperature between the old 24G60 props vice the new 34G60 props. The 384th AREFS was the first squadron to receive the new propellers, and the conversion project was accomplished under NCOIC T/Sgt. Bailey, who oversaw the project from its inception in April 57. T/Sgt.

Bailey coordinated the extensive facility requirements, and trained the 29 depot mechanics who worked the project.

   September 57-Air Defense Command (ADC) activated 4729th Air Defense Group (ADG) at Westover. Maj. Hutchins will act as Operations Officer of this 15-man organization.

30 September 57-In accordance with interim Ops Order 450-58, the 4050th would place three crews on a 24-hour standby, seven days a week. Crews are limited in where they can go on base, and will inform the 4050th Control Room of their whereabouts at all times. The alert aircraft will be loaded to the full 175,000 lb., and preflighted daily. Tight security will be in place at the alert aircraft location, with crew members, crew chief, Squadron Commander and Chief of Maintenance the only personnel on the aircraft access list.

September 57-The 4050th once again participated in operation “Devil Fish” under 8th AF Ops Order 38A-56.

September 57-Propeller Modification/Replacement Program. The KC-97 and Command C-97 modification is virtually complete. However, maintenance reports still indicate a high rate of problems with the new propellers, including a high rate of aborts.

ASSIGNED AIRCRAFT STATUS, SEPTEMBER 1957:

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for October 1957 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/3C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

OCTOBER 1957 NARRATIVE

October 57-Propeller Modification Program. The 4050th AREFWG has prepared documentation for other SAC KC-97 units that will subsequently replace all their 24G60 propellers with new Hamilton Standard 34G60 propellers. The documentation details necessary personnel skills and quantities, base facilities, electrical equipment, oil handling, aircraft conversion rate, hangar space and supply chain demands to name a few. The following is a brief overview of technical issues encountered during the project.

• T.O. 1C97-561 Fig 3. Recommended relay box be mounted several inches beyond the end of related wires, and incorrectly showed keyway orientation. 4050th personnel located boxes so wires would reach, and reowrked keyways.
• Prop dome preload shims incorrect size as provided by manufacturer. Hamilton Standard "Quick Fix" recommendation shims be hand-trimmed, and this was deemed inadequate as it did not solve all the related problems. 4050th personnel issued Emergency Unsatisfactory Report (EUR) 57-311 and 57319. Manufacturer advised new shims would be available in near future.
• As stated in the T.O., blade angle tolerance of .5 deg. at each position is too lenient, as this is likely to lead to excessive manifold pressure spread. 57th AD issued EUR 57-435 which recommended tolerance of only .2 deg at low angle settings.
• The man-hour requirements as shown in the T.O. are only about half those actually expended per aircraft.As aircraft were modified, it was shown that 330-350 man-hours were necessary for all tasks required to affect a change of all four propellers on an aircraft. Modification of spare power packs was included.
• During the program the best rate of modification involved three aircraft at a time out of service for prop work. This involved prep work on two aircraft, and one aircraft with new props run-up and adjusted.
• Each aircraft modification resulted in 30 gallons of 1010 waste oil was generated, as the total prop oil inventory needed to be drained from the prop domes and oil controls of each aircraft. This resulted in an estimate of 800 gallons of waste oil per 21 aircraft squadron.

October 57-During engine winterization prep, it was discovered that the lower engine heat shield no longer fits due to installation of the new 34G60 prop. In addition, the propeller solenoid conduit routing has not been standardized across the fleet, which added to the difficulty of this work. 

October 57- To meet requirements of manning a special alert force, along with those of the unit's Emergency War Plan (EWP), and in face of the overall reduction in force and that the wing has only been able to maintain an average of 20 combat ready crews since April 57, An intensive combat crew training effort began during the month. This has resulted in a reduction of flying hours for crews already combat rated.

October 57-The 155,000 lb. takeoff weight restriction has been removed, SAC commander reinstated 175,000 lb. max takeoff weight for those aircraft equipped with the new 34G60 Dural propeller.

October 57-Personnel retention continues to be a problem. It has been made worse because airmen are able to obtain authorized early discharge due to force reduction, and in other cases airmen who finished their first enlistment have left the unit and gone to the Recruiting Office in Springfield, MA., to take advantage of the "Base of Choice" program offered at present.

October 57-Many of the 99th AREFS's personnel are now in KC-135 training at Castle AFB, CA. This included one Simulator crew, Four combat crews, and two staff crews. All crews that remained were placed on the school schedule. Problem exist in finding crews with requisite 18 months left in service for these courses. To fill the training slots, some persons have been selected who have only 12 months left.

ASSIGNED AIRCRAFT STATUS, OCTOBER 1957:

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for November 1957 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/2C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

NOVEMBER 1957 NARRATIVE

 1 November 57-The KC-135 MTD became operational this date.

18 November 57-Classes in KC-135 radio systems, radar, power plants and electrical system commenced this date, though only 10% of the training aids were available.

20 November 57-The 4050th AREFWG was relieved of its strip alert responsibilities in order to participate in "Iron Bar." (See below).

    November 57-Among the personnel deficiencies noted in Lt. Col. Mulholland's 18 October 57 letter was the need for additional fabric repair specialists. Letter also mentioned was he fact that there were no personnel authorized for the maintenance of the Base Flight's sixty-six reciprocating aircraft engines.

November 57-Lt. Col Mulholland, CO of the 4050th FMS requested the Base Manpower Office take action to increase the five man 581X0 career field to eight positions, as the unit faced a shortage of fabric workers. Each KC-97 was equipped with five fabric-covered control surfaces.

November 57-Combat ready crews flew 128 hours in excess of 329 hours programmed for the month in response to 8th AF message DO 62263 that established requirement for combat ready aircraft commanders to accomplish heavy weight takeoff in excess of 170,000 pounds or more. Twelve crews were scheduled for additional air refueling sorties. Additional flying hours were attributed to four tankers that diverted to an alternate base during operation "Iron Bar" due to weather at home base. 

OPERATION "IRON BAR"

25 November 57-Eighth AF Operation Order 39-57, operation "Iron Bar" began. The 384th AREFS was tasked to fly 33 air refueling sorties in support of the 341st BW (callsign "Spiral"), at Dyess AFB, TX., and the 321st BW (callsign "Venice"), at Pinecastle AFB, Orlando, FL. In addition, 35 air refueling sorties would be tasked to provide support to the 321st BW on redeployment to the Zone of Interior (ZI). Three RB-47s from the 90th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (SRW) (callsign "Outcome") from Forbes AFB, KS would operate from Westover as weather scouts. The refueling capability of one tanker/day  was lost to an unplanned 8th AF directive that required an airborne commander in a tanker not destined to offload fuel.

• The first tanker launch was, "Ann Red",  a six-tanker cell led by Capt. Wicker that headed to the "Fighting Fox" refueling area for an offload of 50,000 lb. each. The 321st BW B-47s in this wave were headed for Europe for a simulated strike. Two spare tankers ground aborted, and after engine start in spare #3, there was not sufficient time to make good the rendezvous. On the next days mission sufficient spare tankers were on the ground with engines running, ready for launch.

• The second tanker launch was "Ann Orange", a two-tanker cell led by Capt. Barry in the lead aircraft. Due to radio receiver failure, "Ann Orange 2" did not offload fuel, and the receiver returned to Pinecastle AFB.

• The third tanker launch was "Ann Yellow", a two-aircraft cell under the command of Lt. Murphy. This mission was flown as briefed without difficulty.

• The fourth tanker launch was the two-aircraft "Ann Green" cell, with Capt. Stough as cell leader. Mission flown as briefed.

• The fifth and last tanker launch was "Ann Blue", a two-aircraft cell with Lt. Brammer leading. "Ann Blue 2" offloaded only 13,700 lb. of the scheduled 50,000 lb. due to inability of receiver to remain in contact.

26 November 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-The "Fighting Fox" refueling area was extended 50 miles east toward Moncton, NB., to compensate for high altitude 90-100 knot tailwinds that forced some of the of the previous day's hookups to run out of airspace before offload complete. The tankers with their receivers then had to reverse direction to accomplish the required offloads.

• "Ann Ivory" was the first cell to depart Westover, with Lt. Morgan leading. Mission flown as briefed.

• "Ann Cream" cell was led by Lt. Holmes and flew as briefed.

• "Ann Brown" cell was led by Capt. Seagraves. This cell was increased from 3 to 5 tankers to recover the two sorties lost the previous day. Capt. Brown experienced in flight refueling (IFR) system failure, and Capt. Wicker assumed lead. Four offloads were successful. 

28 November 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-Very poor weather conditions impacted this day's efforts.

• Capt. Sharpley was the leader of this four-aircraft cell, that departed Westover AFB on schedule under extremely poor weather conditions. Visibility at the "Fighting Fox" refueling area was limited, and after two separate orbits for the four tankers were established, Sharpley was able to get the 341st BW B-47s from Dyess AFB, TX., within eight miles of the contact position. It was then decided visibility was too poor to effect the rendezvous, and the KC-97s diverted to Loring AFB, ME.  

29 November 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-This was a repeat of the previous day's mission.

• Capt. Barry led the four-aircraft tanker cell to the "Fighting Fox" refueling area. Tanker #4 departure was delayed six minutes due to a B-52 emergency. Two receivers took full 40,000 lb. offloads, and one took 34,000 lb. while another took 36,000 lb. Receiver #4 over-ran its tanker at rendezvous, and experienced difficulty as it tried to regain position. All offloads considered satisfactory.

30 November 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-The first three tanker cells were launched in support of the 321st BW redeployment to home base at Orlando, FL. One receiver, previously cancelled, was launched without the knowledge of the 4050th AREFWG.

• "Ann" cell was first to launch from Westover, with Capt. Wicker in the lead aircraft. A 40,000 lb.offload was scheduled within the "Whisk Broom" refueling area. The orbit point for this refueling area was in northwestern Pennsylvania, near Titusville. One tanker aborted due to a burned-out feathering motor, and a spare was launched.  

• "Betty" cell launched with Lt. Hall as cell leader. Two receivers cancelled, this cell was reduced to three tankers from four scheduled. Then "Betty 3" air aborted, which left two tankers to refuel four bombers. One receiver was directed to "Ann" cell, and "Betty" cell offloaded an average of 20,000 lb. JP-4 to its three receivers.

• "Cora" cell was the third tanker launch, led by Capt. Woods. Originally planned as a three-tanker cell, "Cora's" two tankers successfully offloaded 25,000 lb. to each receiver.

30 November 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-Last cell to launch was in support of the final strike mission of the 341st BW.

• Lt. Murphy led the final four-aircraft tanker cell of the day. One tanker ground aborted and a spare was launched 30 minutes after the cell departed. Number three tanker in the cell then air aborted, and another spare was launched an hour after the cell departed. This fifth tanker was able to join the cell and the four scheduled 40,000 lb. offloads were completed successfully .

 2 December 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-Three tanker cells launched in support of 321st BW redeployment.

• "Ann" cell launched under the command of Capt. Wicker. Planned as a five aircraft cell, "Ann 5" was cancelled by 8th AF. "Ann 4's" receiver air aborted. The cell's three tankers that remained successfully offloaded 20,00 lb.to each receiver.

• "Betty" cell's five tankers launched under the command of Capt. Seagraves. "Betty 5" accompanied the cell though its receiver had air aborted. "Betty" cell successfully offloaded 30,000 lb.of JP-4 to each of four receivers.

• "Cora" cell launched under the command of Capt. Stough. This four aircraft cell offloaded 30,000 lb. of  fuel as briefed  with no problems. 

 3 December 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-The final mission of  the "Iron Bar" training exercise involved three tankers cells with total of 11 KC-97 tankers.

• Originally planned for the "Whisk Broom" refueling area, an hour and five minutes prior to tanker launch 8th AF changed the destination area to "Fighting Fox." The five tankers of "Cora" cell were the first launch of the day, and successfully completed the 30,000 lb. offload to each of five receivers.

• Led by Lt. Adams, "Ann" cell with three tankers executed their 30,000 lb. offload as briefed.

• Capt. Seagraves led "Betty", a two-tanker flight that was the last cell to depart. The mission was flown as briefed, with 21,000 lb. offload going to one receiver, and 22,000 lb. to the other. 

    December 57-"Iron Bar" summary: A total of 19 cells with 68 sorties were planned during this seven day flying period. Twenty cells with 63 aircraft were actually flown. Fifty-three successful offloads were made to 63 receivers out of 68 offloads scheduled for 68 receivers. Of the 68 tanker sorties planned, 3 tankers air aborted, with 1 replaced, and 2 tankers ground aborted. Of the 68 receivers planned, weather prohibited the refueling of four, two air aborted in the area, two air aborted prior to entering the area, and two were cancelled. "Iron Bar' was rated moderately successful.

Factors that required further concentration were:

• Weather-High tailwinds at "Fighting Fox" area.

• Need for more flexible planning-changing rendezvous times were a problem.

• Reluctance of receivers to assume observation position hampered timely transfer of fuel.

• "Whisk Broom" refueling area found to be impractical for KC-97 aircraft in view of mandatory Visual Flight Rules (VFR)- on-top conditions for refueling operations.

• Communications-SAC publication required more than one cell to use same tactical frequency, which led to frequency congestion.

• Communications-Interplane frequency of 148.86 MC apparently shared with Montreal Police.

• Communication-Weather scout and tanker force airborne commander hampered when comms limited to UHF-VHF frequencies. HF frequencies were available for these aircraft, but HQ stated they were to be used only in case of emergency. 

ASSIGNED AIRCRAFT STATUS, NOVEMBER 1957:

 END REEL P0334/E012958

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Chronology of the

4050th Air Refueling Wing (Medium) (AREFWG)

Westover AFB, Massachusetts

December 1957 through July 1958

compiled from USAF Microfilm Reel #P0335/EO12958

 by

Tom Hildreth

June, 2011

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for December 1957 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/2C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

BACKGROUND

01 Apr 55-The 4050th Air Refueling Wing (AREFWG) was activated at Westover AFB, MA. On that date control of the base was transferred from Military Air Transport Service (MATS) to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). The latter command’s plans called for a Westover-Dow Tanker Task Force. The 4050th AREFW at Westover AFB and the 4060th AREFWG at Dow AFB, Bangor, ME., were to provide the flying elements of this task force.

The stated primary mission of the 4050th was to “Organize and train a force capable of immediate and sustained air-to-air refueling operations in any part of the world...”

The 384th Air Refueling Squadron (AREFS) was activated at Westover on 01 Apr 55 with initial personnel drawn from other refueling squadrons and school pipelines. The squadron would continue to work up to full personnel and equipment strength over the next several months. The twenty-two Boeing KC-97s that equipped the 384th were assigned to the unit in a contiguous block that began with tail number 53-0218.  

22 Apr 55-The 26th AREFS was reassigned to the 4050th AREFWG after having operated tankers in support of the 26th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (SRW) at Lockbourne AFB, OH. This unit operated a mix of KC-97F and KC-97G tankers. 

04 Sep 56-The 4050th AREFWG and all assigned units were reassigned to the 57th Air Division

01 Apr 57-The 508th AREFS was reassigned from the 2d Air Force (AF) to the 8th AF and assigned to the 4050th AREFWG. This squadron operated the KB-29P, a tanker version of the WWII Boeing bomber, in support of the 31st Strategic Fighter Wing (SFW) and 508th SFW that flew F-84Fs at Turner AFB, GA. 

01 July 57-Under SAC GO-23, the 99th AREFS (Heavy) was activated at Turner AFB, GA., as a KC-135A tanker unit, and assigned to 4050th AREFW, effective this date.

20 August 57-Det 1, 99th AREFS designated and organized with operating location at Westover AFB, MA.

DECEMBER 1957 MANNING

• The 4050th AREFWG experienced an acute shortage of 431X1B Airplane General Mechanics, with only 74 assigned while 96 were authorized for a 20 aircraft workload. There were 22 KC-97Gs assigned, and also VC-97 45-59596. An additional KC-97 was due to be received in December. 

• The 4050th Wing attained its "SAC Tree of Peace" goal for the month when 20 airmen of 28 eligible for discharge reenlisted.

DECEMBER 1957 NARRATIVE

"Iron Bar"

 02 December 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-Three tanker cells launched in support of 321st BW redeployment.

• Capt. Wicker was in command of "Ann" cell. Planned as a five aircraft cell, "Ann 5" was cancelled by 8th AF. "Ann 4's" receiver air aborted. The cell's three tankers that remained successfully offloaded 20,00 lb to each receiver.

• Capt. Seagraves commanded "Betty" cell's five tankers. "Betty 5" accompanied the cell though its receiver had air aborted. "Betty" cell successfully offloaded 30,000 lb of JP-4 to each of four receivers.

• Capt. Stough led "Cora" cell's four tankers. They offloaded 30,000 lb of fuel as briefed  with no problems. 

03 December 57-"Iron Bar" Cont-The final mission of  the "Iron Bar" training exercise involved three tankers cells with total of 11 KC-97 tankers.

• Originally planned for the "Whisk Broom" refueling area, an hour and five minutes prior to tanker lanch 8th AF changed the destination area to "Fighting Fox." The five tankers of "Cora" cell were the first launch of the day, successfully completed a 30,000 lb. offload to each of five receivers.

• Led by Lt. Adams, "Ann" cell with three tankers executed their 30,000 lb. offload as briefed.

• Capt. Seagraves led "Betty" cell, a flight of two tankers that was the last to depart. The mission was flown as briefed, with a 21,000 lb. offload going to one receiver, and 22,000 lb. to the other. 

    December 57-"Iron Bar" summary: A total of 19 cells with 68 sorties were planned during this seven day flying period. Twenty cells with 63 aircraft were actually flown. Fifty-three successful offloads were made to 63 receivers out of 68 offloads scheduled for 68 receivers. Of the 68 tanker sorties planned, 3 tankers air aborted, with 1 replaced, and 2 tankers ground aborted. Of the 68 receivers planned, weather prohibited the refueling of four, two air aborted in the area, two air aborted prior to entering the area, and two were cancelled. "Iron Bar' was rated moderately successful. Problem areas that required further attention:

• Weather-High tailwinds at "Fighting Fox" area.

• Need for more flexible planning—changing rendezvous times were a problem.

• Reluctance of receivers to assume observation position which hampered timely transfer of fuel.

• "Whisk Broom" refueling area found to be impractical for KC-97 aircraft in view of mandatory Visual Flight Rules (VFR)- on-top conditions for refueling operations.

• Communications-SAC publication required more than one cell to use same tactical frequency, which led to frequency congestion.

• Communications-Interplane frequency of 148.86 MC apparently shared with Montreal Police.

• Communication-Weather scout and tanker force airborne commander hampered when communications limited to UHF-VHF frequencies. HF frequencies were available for these aircraft, but HQ stated they were to be used only in case of emergency. 

4050th AREFW

06 December 57-Col. George W. R. Zethren, 4050th Wing Commander, piloted the first KC-135A Stratotanker assigned to the 99th AREFS to Westover AFB. Also on board were: Lt. Col. George M. Broutsas, Commander 99th AREFS; Capt. Dominic P. Quercia, Navigator; Capt. Norman C. Thompson, 1st Pilot; 1Lt. Martin C. Fulcher, 2d Pilot; and MSgt. Robert P. Wyatt, Boom Operator. The flight departed Larson AFB, WA., three hours and thirty-seven minutes earlier. The 99th AREFS became the second 8th AF unit to equip with the jet tanker.

99th AREFS:

   December 57-The first partial month of tactical missions for the KC-135A-equipped 99th AREFS can be seen above in table form. One sortie with the 100th BW was dropped due to receiver abort; two sorties lost with 376th BW due to one receiver canx and one receiver abort; one sortie lost with 55th SRW due tanker maintenance.

 01 December 57-The KC-135 simulator arrived this date. ERCO tech reps were setting up the equipment. This company was a subsidiary of American Car and Foundry Industries, Inc., the manufacturer of the simulator.

15 December 57-Of the 716 authorized line items needed in support of KC-135A operations, only 480 are on hand (67%). Equipment shorted have been predicted as more KC-135s arrive.

20 December 57-Ten crews were attending training at Castle AFB, CA.

384th AREFS

   December 57-This was the final month of the Exhaust Valve Displacement Check evaluation on the R-4360-59B engines, as part of the Engine Conditioning program. A team of 13 men was formed with 4 airmen from the 384th AREFS; 5 airmen from the 4050th PMS and 4 from the 4050th FMS. Two tools were unique to this program: A special timing disc used to check the valve setting, and a valve wobble indicator. A total of 27 engines were removed from aircraft for failure during the service test period. Integrated into the 150 hour postflight inspection, the engine conditioning required an average of 62 hours/engine: 25 manhours were for scheduled maintenance, and 37 manhours for unscheduled maintenance. Wet and oily exhaust ports were found to be caused by excess valve wobble, or clogged oil return passages. During December, 45 cylinders were replaced on 10 engines going through the second and third cycle of the service test. Two engines were removed from service due to failure during the month. Engine P-517765 with 98345 hours had C6 cylinder failure at the base, and engine P-517707 with 917:10 hours had internal failure. Not surprisingly, the greater the hours on an engine, the more cylinders were replaced, with the A7 cylinder particularly troublesome. All engines with more than 400 hours at the 4050th had their A-7 cylinders replaced to prevent failure of the cylinder assembly.   

   December 57-KC-97G 52-2635 was TDY to Homestead AFB, FL., and flew 62 hours in support of ARDC tests on the new propellers under the direction of Wright Air Development Center (WADC) at Wright-Patterson AFB, OH..

   December 57-Due to shortage of combat ready aircrews, the 384th AREFS began a 4-month period of intensive upgrade training as directed by SAC Programming Plan 9-56.

   December 57-Crew commanded by Capt. James L. Sharpley, 384th AREFS, was singled out by Strategic Air Command as "SAC Crew of the Month."  The crews professionalism during the 3 September 57 inflight emergency was cited in the award.

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for January 1958 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/2C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

JANUARY 1958 NARRATIVE

99th AREFS

Lack of Euclid tractors for the KC-135 made towing extremely difficult in snow and ice. The Coleman tractors were inadequate to the task.

The KC-135 Conversion Progress Report for January continues to show deficiencies in Mission Essential Equipment (MEE), with only 68.5% of required parts on hand. According to the 14 January 58 Trip Report submitted by Capt. Roberts, 4050th Wing Supply Officer, who attended the KC-135/B-52 GSE Conference at Oklahoma City Air Material Area (OCAMA), many of the earlier requisitions had been returned by OCAMA without action because they had not been segregated into the agreed categories. They were resorted and personally delivered to the OCAMA KC-135 Division representative. Additionally, Field Evaluation Work Cards for performing PM and Engine Build-up on KC-135; Check lists for Flight Tests for KC-135; and check lists for Pre and Post Flight Inspections, KC-135 were obtained from OCAMA.

Additional POL Hydrants: Requirement for 4 new hydrant systems with 24 dual outlets is 50% complete. Project funded for FY-58 completion. Construction of blast fences programmed for FY-58.

Nose docks 5 and 6 assigned to 99th AREFS.

The N-1 and J-4 compass trainers; Pneumatic trainer; Hydraulic trainer; Surface Control trainer; Electrical trainer; IFR trainer and Radar training aids are on base. Auto-pilot, Fuel System, Landing Gear System training aids, and power equipment to run them due to arrive 1st Qtr 1958.

The KC-135 Simulator was completely installed and 90% calibrated when the magnetic fluid actuator burned out. this caused an estimated 2-week delay in start of crew training.

23 January 58-As of this date 7 combat crews, two staff crews, and one simulator crew have completed training at Castle AFB, CA. Eleven crews are in training.

*Although the 6 December 1957 arrival of the 99th AREFS first KC-135A was attended with much publicity, it appears the Historical Office failed to document the serial number of this aircraft in their publications. The single aircraft entry for the January, 1958 Maintenance Plan and Schedule for the 99th AREFS shows aircraft "592" on the flying schedule. This would be KC-135-05-BN, 56-3592, msn 17341, rolled out on 3 October 57, first flight on 14 November 57, and delivered to USAF 27 November 57. It is believed this aircraft was originally intended for Loring AFB*, but is shown with a USAF Fly-away date of 6 December 57, the date it arrived at Westover AFB.

*Eventually assigned to the 42d BW at Loring, this tanker exploded on approach to that base at Perth Andover, NB., Canada on 4 October 1989. Four other KC-135 losses were attributed to explosions caused by an aft body fuel tank pump that ran without fuel in the tank, overheated, and ignited fuel vapors. (Hopkins, "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker-More than just a Tanker", Aerofax, 1997). 

31 January 58-Two more KC-135A tanker arrived at Westover for assignment to the 99th AREFS. According to the 99th AREFS Maintenance Plan and Schedule for the month these aircraft were:

• 56-3599-msn 17348-Rolled out 06 November 57, First flight 18 December 57, Fly-away 31 January 58.

• 56-3602-msn 17351-Rolled out 18 November 57, First flight 30 December 57, Fly-away 31 January 58.

384th AREFS

The wing-tip of tanker #234 damaged the left wing-tip of tanker #218 as the former was being moved out of fuel pit.

Seventeen sorties, 13 of which were for air refueling, were cancelled for weather during the month. Two additional refueling sorties lost when weather cause aircraft diversion to another base.

22 January 58-Maintenance memo 66-22, "Prevention of Sludge Build-up in R-4360-59B Engines," was issued to ensure "Clean Engines" in accordance with T.O. 1-1-648. After the last flight of the day, the procedure called for dilution of the engine oil with gasoline for one minute, with the oil pressure above 15 PSI to avoid bearing damage. After this, all engines would be operated for at least 10 minutes with oil temperature above 50 deg C to boil off the gasoline. Oil dilution was necessary for cold weather engine starts under T.O. 1C-97(K)E(C)-2, and the desludge procedure would not be necessary during periods when the -2 T.O. was in effect. 

4050th AREFWG

Brig. Gen. D.W. Saunders, Commander, 57th AD rated the 4050th AREFWG  "Outstanding" during the no-notice Eergency War Plan (EWP) capability Inspection held between

07 January 58 and 11 January 58.

16 January 58-Flyaway Kit (FAK) Review Board Meeting held in which it was discovered that the KC-97G FAK at 49,476 lb. was 9,476 lb. overweight. Some items may safely be removed from sealed containers to save weight. KC-97 brakes, a previously critical item, are now on base. Unknown in the KC-135A FAK is whether snow tires for the aircraft would be included.

4050th FMS

Based on workloads found at Castle AF, the authorization of Airframe Repairmen, AFSC 534X0, should be increased from 29 to 41, and Welders, AFSC 532X0, should be increased from 4 to 6 to accomplish tailpipe welding. Present authorization of 4 Machinists, AFSC 531X0, is inadequate for 22 KC-97s, and should be increased to 6 in anticipation of KC-135 arrivals.

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for February 1958 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/2C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

FEBRUARY 1958 NARRATIVE

99th AREFS

Lack of delivery schedule for new KC-135s greatly hampers development of flying and maintenance schedules. Not possible to accurately predict for the month how many flying hours needed for crew training, or how many man-hours needed for maintenance.

As of 21 February, the KC-135 Fuel System Trainer; Landing Gear Panel; Auto-pilot trainer; and Command Radio trainer are still not in place. The KC-135 Simulator is installed and operated one training period daily.

On hand stock for KC-135 FAK 36,372 pieces of 89,076 pieces authorized.

Identified "Aircraft Soft-Spots":

• Coleman tractor deficiency mentioned above

• Hydraulic fluid leakage from boom motors, lines and fittings leaks drips onto MC-1 Autopilot servomotor, which created fire hazard. UR submitted.

• Air compressor for engine starting unit that froze in flight. UR submitted.

• Wing tip navigation lights burn out in a mater of minutes. UR submitted

One sortie and 3 air refuelings lost due to weather during month.

384th AREFS

   February 58-The squadron regressed severely in the "Percent Aircraft Operationally Ready and Flyable" report. Hours lost this month were 2,647, with mechanical defects that accounted for 1,413 hours lost. This increase in lost time was mainly due to four internal turbo failures, oil leaks and broken studs.

Nine sorties and 21 air refuelings lost to weather during the month.

4050th AREFWG

10 February 58-Deputy Commander 4050th AREFWG Col. Harry R.Burrell sent a message to the 4050th Director of Operations concerned with the increase in air traffic at Westover. The primary concern reflected in the message was that the congestion led to late takeoffs. It was pointed out that the size of the B-52 is a common cause of delay. Westover lacks two-way ground traffic capability, and while the big bomber sustains a problem while it is on a taxiway, other traffic cannot get around it. The same is true for the time each B-52 spends on the runup pad. An abort in that position effectively closes the runway. Also, B-52s are not authorized to land on runway #05, and when a B-52 commences a penetration for ruway #23, other aircraft cannot depart runway #05 as opposite direction trsaffic. It was recommended by Col. Burrell that the 4050th AREFWG and the 99th BW schedule a minimum  number of takeoffs during the peak fighter takeoff and recovery hours of 0945-1030 and 1150-1245 local. Another request was that the Base Commander obtain authority to limit transient aircraft, "to an absolute minimum." The following chart was developed from data in that message:

12 February 58-The wing participated in SAC alert "Team Play".

*The Wing's authorized strength had been increased by 37 officers and 14 airmen since last month.

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for March 1958 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/2C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

MARCH 1958 NARRATIVE

99thAREFS

20 March 58-KC-135 wheels-The main wheel bearings fall out of wheels during wheel installation and removal from axle. This condition is due to the bearing retainer does not properly secure the cone and rollers to the cup. UR #58-88 written this date in regard to this condition. It was also noted during a visit to the tire and wheel shop that a personnel shortage exists. In addition to instruction of new personnel, the NCOIC performed most of the work, which included buildup and inspection of tires and wheels. Shop reorganization recommended by 4050th Chief of Maintenance. Included was the creation of two 3-man wheel removal and installation teams. The UR states there is apparently no way to secure the felt retainer and bearing, and that the retainer seems to be too small. It is not possible to follow wheel installation instructions in T.O. 1C-135(K)A-2-7, Sec VI, Para. 6-60 because it references a procedure that could expose the bearing to sand and dirt.

20 March 58-Fuel Control and Engine Fuel Pump Screens-Since the arrival of the KC-135 several shops have cleaned these screens. Their varied methods and diverse locations have not proved satisfactory. Recommend Propulsion Branch, 4050th FMS, organize a shop to be known as the "Fuel and Oil Screen Cleaning Shop" to follow methods described in T.O. 1C-135(K)A-2-4. Facilities in Hangar 7 make it the most suitable location for this shop, which could also serve the KC-97 fleet, which would reduce duplication of tools and manpower. 

All KC-135 trainers installed and in use on base with exception of:

• Fuel System Trainer was lost in transit from factory. Chanute AFB initiated tracer on lost equipment.

• Auto-Pilot trainer being repaired at factory. No delivery date available.

• Command Radio Trainer not available for delivery until 30 June 58.

The Mobile Training Detachment (MTD) was operated at maximum capacity, charts and diagrams were substituted for the missing trainers.

Blast Fence design work was underway at South Western Division, Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in Dallas, TX.

On hand stock for KC-135 FAK 37,722 pieces of 89,076 pieces authorized.

384th AREFS

The Off-Base School Schedule for March was similar to the preceding months covered in this history.

• MSgt. D.M. Shotts attended the KC-97 Aircrew Familiarization and Inflight Refueling Course at Pease AFB, NH between 3-21 March.

• Capt. A.B. Klein, 1Lt. R.D. Preece, 1Lt. W.J. McQuade, TSgt. R.H. Schwendy, SSgt. R.E. Desjardins attended the KC-97 Aircrew Refresher Course at Pease AFB, NH between 5-11 March.

• 1Lt. L.W. Foresman, 1Lt. R.A. Hahn, TSgt. D.L. Cummings attended the KC-97 Simulator Course at Dow AFB, ME on 3 March.

• Capt. A.B. Klein, Capt. B.L. Steinbach, TSgt. T. Middlestead attended the KC-97 Simulator Course at Dow AFB, ME on 17 March.

• MSgt. F.S. Levigne, TSgt. J.E. Stewart, TSgt. W.L. Lile, A1C H.J. Storey, Jr. attended the KC-97 Maintenance Familiarization Course at Pease AFB, NH between 17 March-9 April, 1958.

   March 58-IFR Pump and Gearbox Failure-The history contained an unsigned and undated report of this subject.

Several problems contributed to these failures:

• The test stand in use is inadequate for this job.

• The Hydraulic Tester cannot maintain the requisite 3000 PSI, and there are difficulties in keeping the fluid pure.

• Gasket material used in locally cutting gaskets does not hold up under high pressure.

• Mating surfaces on pumps and gearboxes are badly pitted, peaned and warped.

Recommendations for the problems above:

• Establish a supply of Pre-Issue IFR pumps and gearboxes to replace old equipment installed on aircraft.

• Equip the shop with a new Hydraulic Test Stand and test all IFR pumps and gear boxes at operating pressure for a period of 1 hour before installation on aircraft.

• Interim-Acquire replacement parts for present Hydraulic Test Stand in order to place it in proper working order.

*Note: Although operated by the 814th ABG, VC-97 45-59596 appears on the 4050th AREFWG's Maintenance Plan and Schedule for March 1958.

March Engine Status: Nine engines built-up, seven engines torn down. In storage are eight engines for FAK, and four engines as spares.

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for April 1958 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A/2C Ronald S. Grzywna, Wing Historical Technician.

APRIL 1958 NARRATIVE

99th AREFS

Engine Maintenance Concerns

• Tester, Thermocouple, jet cal, J32T2G3, s/n 4920-563-3411. A critical item needed for determining the exhaust gas temperature spread across the J-57-P43W's* eight combustion chambers. Development of this tester apparently just completed, with the first article being accepted at Castle AFB, CA., on 16 April 58. According to OCAMA, the latest expected delivery date is 15 June 58. The 4050th has been coordinating to use similar equipment possessed by the 99th BW, but "there is insufficient equipment for both units."

• Remote Jet Fuel Trimmer, similar to s/n 4920-587-5869. By the end of April no shipping information available from OCAMA.

• Gauge, Manifold Pressure, 10-200, s/n 7CAD-343485. Two of these critical items ordered on PO 58-6636 but delivery estimate not until 15 August 58. "Since the Wing is now trimming KC-135A engines for water injection, this date of delivery is not acceptable."

* Some early KC-135As and the B-52G were equipped with the -P43W version of the J-57. As KC-135 production gained momentum, the Air Force switched to the  -P59W version of the engine for the tanker. Similar to the -P43W, this version was more economical to procure as it lacked the extensive use of  titanium in its construction, resulting in each engine being 400 lb heavier.

Tire Maintenance Concerns

• UR 58-136 issued in response to nose gear tire casing deficencies: 1.One casing had a "Servicable" tag stapled to it. Upon full inflation the rubber split apart where the staple had pierced the tread groove. 2. Firestone casings have a separation of rubber around a circumferential bead on the sidewall adjacent to the tread. On one tire this has split open enough to reveal the cord.

• UR 58-131 issued in response to main gear tire casing deficiencies: 1. Although stamped "Tubeless", many casings at Westover were originally manufactured and procured for use with tubes. Vents, used to prevent entrapment of air between the tube and casing can be seen on these casings.  Unsuccessful attempts were obviously made by the vendor or depot to seal these vents. An overnight test of six such tire casings showed a loss of 20-30 PSI, which would have been much greater at altitude.

The KC-135s offloaded 58,300 gal. during training. Effective sortie count was 48 with the 99th BW; 7 with the 55th SRW; and 7 with the 96th BW. Unscheduled sorties accomplished included 1 with the 380th BW; 2 with the 99th BW; 3 with the 26th SRW; 3 with the 55 SRW; 1 with the 100th BW; and 1 with the 310th BW.

384th AREFS

14 April 58-Operations Order 213-58, "Blond Baby". The purpose of  "Blond Baby" was to deploy ten KC-97G tankers to "exercise Sondrestrom AB, Greenland, and use some of the JP-4 stored there."

Maximum number of people deployed at any one time not to exceed 200.

• 13 April-Second AF to provide two C-124 Globemasters to transport 8 persons and 24 tons of cargo in accordance with 57th AD Mobility Plan.  Included were built-up R-4360 engines.

• 14 April-Deployment of 10 KC-97Gs of the 384th AREFS non-stop to Sondrestrom AB, Greenland.

• Det 29, 5th Weather Gp. to provide weather support for duration of exercise.

• 21 April-Six KC-97s redeploy to Westover AFB.

• 22 April-Six KC-97s deploy to Sondrestrom AB.

• 28 April-10 KC-97s redeploy to Westover AFB.

4050th AREFWG

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for May 1958 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and SSgt. Morton S. Oliver, Wing Historical Technician.

MAY 1958 NARRATIVE

99th AREFS

Squadron to provide 27 hours to support Eglin Firepower demonstration on 1,3 and 6 May; 18 hours for Armed Forces day flyover, 17 May; 3 hours for Armed Forces day static display, 17 May; 55 hours for new aircraft delivery; 5 hours for static display at Lockbourne AFB, OH., 24-25 May.

KC-135 Fuel System Contamination

• Wet hookups prohibited until fuel screens have been found clean after three consecutive flights following factory delivery. This restriction resulted in the loss of four projected air refueling sorties.

Water Injection Restriction

• Use of water injection restricted on normal training missions. This will reduce sortie length and AR offload as weather becomes warmer.

384th AREFS

Propeller Maintenance Concerns, 34G60-605 Dural Propeller

• Integral Oil Control Assy, s/n 4013-91669-These units continue to malfunction at an excessive rate, causing surges in excess of 40 RPM. Problems diagnosed as 1. Air in system  2. Sticking pilot valve 3. Internal oil leakage. From 1 February 58-15 May 58 there have been 56 inflight writeups related to this item.  Replacement rate has been 5 per month, supply system unable to support this issue interval.

4050th AREWG

The official history of the 4050th AREFWG for 1 June-31 July 1958 was prepared by Maj. Frank J. Wojtasiak, Wing Historical Officer and A1C LaVerne L. Martin, Wing Historian

JUNE-JULY 1958 NARRATIVE

Change of Leadership-Major accident

     "On 28 June 1958, Colonel George W.R. Zethren, who had been Commander of the 4050th Air Refueling Wing since 10 September 1956, was elevated to Acting Commander of the 57th Air Division, a position which became vacant on 27 June 1958 when Brigadier General Donald W. Saunders was killed in the 4050th Wing's first KC-135 aircraft accident. Colonel Zethren was succeeded by Colonel Harry R. Burrell, former Deputy Commander of the 4050th Air Refueling Wing.

     In addition to taking the life of General Saunders, the KC-135 accident of 27 June also claimed the life of Lt Col George M. Broutsas, Commander of the 99th Air Refueling Squadron. To fill this vacancy, Lt Col William O. Ross, formerly that squadron's Operations Officer, was appointed Acting Commander."

99th AREFS

Engine Test Stand-The lack of a proper engine test stand for KC-135 engines resulted in the loss of many man-hours because the engines had to be mounted on an aircraft for testing. A useful J-57 engine test stand was fabricated from parts and materials "gathered" from depot and local assets.

Material Shortages-Command assistance was requested due to continuing KC-135 parts shortages that adversely affected the performance of assigned mission.

06 June 58-Blast Fences-Contract awarded on this date for the construction of the newly-designed blast fences.

10 June 58-Operation "Free Hand" was flown and completed. Directed by 8th AF, this operation was flown to test the refueling characteristics of the KC-135 jet tanker and the B-47 medium bomber. Four refueling tests were conducted with varied time, distance, speed and altitude parameters. The tanker crews were complimented for completion of tests in spite of uncooperative weather.

27 June 58-Operation "Top Sail" flown. The purpose of this operation was to establish three new trans-Atlantic speed records; one from New York to London, one from London to New York and a third from New York to London and return to New York nonstop. Topsail "Alpha" (KC-135A 56-3630) departed Westover at 0352Z; Topsail "Bravo" (KC-135A 56-3637) departed Westover at 0407Z. Topsail "Cocoa" (KC-135A 56-3599), the third aircraft of the four-ship operation, crashed shortly after takeoff, with the loss of 15 lives. The fourth aircraft cancelled. "Topsail" information was found on the reel on frames 1352-1354.

16 July 58-Operation "Midnight Express" was flown. After the introduction of American troops into Lebanon, Undersecretary of State, Mr. Robert Murphy was directed by the president to fly to that country. The pilot, Maj. Burl B. Davenport and the aircraft of  Topsail "Alpha" with a regular crew and relief crew, launched from Westover AFB in the afternoon and flew direct to Beirut, Lebanon and landed at 0620 local time, 17 July 1958. Total time enroute was 11 hours. Due to lack of jet fuel at Beirut, the tanker repositioned to Adana Air Base in Turkey where it was serviced and placed on call.

384th AREFS

Combat Ready Crew Shortage-Squadron will only have 26 combat ready crews by 1 September due to heavy losses to the KC-135 program and Air Training Command of highly-trained personnel.

15 July 58-Resumed alert duties with KC-97G.

4050TH AREFWG

28 June 58-Assumption of Command by Colonel Harry R. Burrell.

01 July 58-The 8th AF Air Refueling Conference was held at the Westover Officer Club. Two significant topics were realignment of refueling areas in the Northeast so as to avoid rendezvous points on or near airways and the proposal to allow two-way refueling in all areas.

03 July 58-"Headquarters 8th AF advised that the take-off computations for KC-135 aircraft would not exceed 90 percent of the available runway. Further, on missions directed by 8th AF or higher headquarters where critical field length would exceed 90 percent of the available runway, planning factors would be submitted to HQ 8th AF for approval."

END REEL PO335/EO12958

The author welcomes email contact with persons who may have information or photographic material on the 4050^th AREWFG, the 26^th AREFS, the 384^th AREFS, the 508th AREFS and the814th ABG. Especially interested in photos of the Boeing KC-97, KC-135, and KB-29 aircraft these organizations operated. If you have negatives, slides or photos, I would be glad to have

an opportunity to scan this material and return it promptly, and I'm willing to pay postage bothways.

 hildrethtom@hotmail.com